Tutorial 2(b)

-Both of the items are valid as they test on grammar. It is reliable as well as both of the items has fixed answer. In terms of practicability, the items are not too difficult to answer. 

 -The item is not valid as it does not measure on what it supposed to be measured. It is not reliable as it does not have a fixed answer and will cause arguments for the test marker. The test item is also not practical as it is difficult to construct.

 -The test item is valid in the sense that it tests on verb forms. The test item is reliable. In terms of practicability, the item is not difficult for the candidates that know the Subject verb agreement.

-The items are valid as it measures on what it should be measured, i.e. the vocabulary. They are also reliable in the sense that each of them has a fixed answer. In terms of practicability, the items might be difficult to answer if the candidates do not know the meaning of the words. The items show positive washback effect as they test on vocabulary. 

 -The item is not valid because it does not test on what it is supposed to test. This will only bring negative washback effect of the students as it tests more on reading instead of listening.

-This item is not valid as it does not test for communicative competence, but it tests on grammar (verb). The item is reliable as the answers are fixed. In terms of practicability, the item is easy to answer by students. This item shows negative washback effect as it emphasized more on grammar instead of communicative competence. 

-This item is not valid as it does not specify on which skill it wants to focus because it only stated ‘Elementary level test’ instead of Elementary level test: writing test’. This item is fairly practical because some of the candidates that know the format to write a complain letter will be easy to write it. But for those students that do not know on how to write a complain letter, than this item is not reliable for them. 

-This item is valid as it tests on speaking skill. The item is not reliable as different raters will give different scores for the candidates. This is more to subjectivity issue in giving the score for the students. This item has a positive washback effect as it tests on speaking skill, not other skill.